![]() These modification approaches include, removing or protruding patch metallization, changing antenna profile through global optimization, etc. Thereafter, modification in the shape of radiating patch has shown to improve the radiation characteristics such as impedance bandwidth, gain, and cross-polarization level (CPL). Further, the full-wave analysis is applied to characterize regular shaped patch resonators using the numerical techniques such as mixed potential integral equation (MPIE), finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite-element method (FEM), etc. These antennas consist of a metallic radiating patch on the grounded dielectric substrate with proper feeding techniques as coaxial probe, microstrip line, aperture coupling, and proximity coupling. Microstrip patch antennas (MPA) have been extensively used in wireless communication systems owing to its attractive characteristics, such as low profile, light weight, and ease of fabrication.
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